Greek Words: "And, Also, Then, etc."
1-a. And, copulative. As simply joining single words and clauses, as nouns, Matt.2:11, "Gold and frankincense, and myrrh." Matt.13:55, 23:6-7 Luke 6:38; and so when the latter noun is in place of a genitive, Acts 23:6, "Of (concerning) the hipe and resurrection." Rom.2:2. Sept. Gen.1:14, 3:16. Pronouns, Matt.8:29, "What have we to do with thee?" Adj. Rom.7:12, "And the commandment holy, and just, and good." Berbs, Mark 4:27, "And should sleep, and rise, -- and the seed should spring and grow up." Acts 1:21, 7:17, 9:28; and so where one verb is taken adverbially, Luke 6:48, "And digged deep." Adv. Heb.1:1,
"At sundry times and in divers manners." So clauses, Matt.
7:25, "And the rain descended, and the floods came, and the winds blew." Matt.1:17. John 1:1. Rom.14:7. Hence,
"And," is mostly a simple continuative, marking the progress of a continued discourse, as Matt.1:23, "And shall bring forth a son, and they shall call his name Immanuel." Matt.2:11. Mark 4:32. Luke 2:34, 11:44. 1 Cor.2:5-6. So as connecting negative clauses, where the negative particle may be omitted in the latter, which is then rendered negative by the continuative power of "kai," as, James 3:14, "Glory not, and boast not, and lie not." 2 Cor.12:21. Comp. Matt.13:15. Mark 4:12. John 12:40. Acts 28:37. But in two examples after "nothing," and "kai," does not thus carry forward the negative, as John 4:11, "Thou hast nothing to draw with, and the well is deep." 3 John 10. The use of "kai," in this continuative sense take a strong coloring in N.T. from the Heb. us of "and, especially conversive both of fut. and pract. which is also continuative. Hence the simple "kai," is put very frequently in N.T. particularly in the narrative style, where classic writers either put nothing, or use some other particle. Especially in Matt. Mark Luke and Rev. as Matt.14:9, seq. 27:28 seq. Mark 1:31 seq. 3:13 seq. Luke 2:25 seq. 4:14 seq. Rev.11:7 seq. Comp. Heb. "and," with Sept. "kai," 1 Sam.15:3 seq. Isa.11:12 seq. Ez.5:1 seq.
b. As continuative in respect to time, as connecting clauses and sentences in the order of time, as,
a. At the beginning of a sentence where any thing is narrated as done immediately or soon after that which the preceding context narrates. Here "kai," is equivalent to the more usual then, after that, Matt.3:16, 4:3-21, "And having gone." Matt.10:1, 14:12-14. Mark 1:29, 4:21-24-26. Comp.
"Than," Matt.15:12. Here belongs the form "Then it came to pass," corresponding to the Heb. Usually with a notation of time, as by "when," Matt.7:28, 10:1, 19:1. "as," luke 2:15 "in," c. dat. Mark 1:9, 4:4. Luke 1:59, 9:18, 14:1.
"with" Luke 2:36. Seq. genit. absol. Matt.9:10. Seq. acc. inf. Mark 2:23. Elsewhere, Luke 3:21, "Now it came," Luke 5:1, 6:1.
b. In the apodosis, as where any thing is said to follow at once, immediately upon that which is contained in the protasis, as, "and immediately,"Mark 1:27, "Even the unclean spirits, and they do obey him." Luke 8:25. Matt.
8:15. Mark 2:14. Luke 4:36. Matt.26:53. Also where the time is less definite, as "and then, and afterwards," without any notation of time, Mark 12:1, "And let it out to husbandmen." Luke 1:56, "About three months, and returned to her own house." John 4:40, 6:58. Acts 5:7, 7:7. So with a notation of time, Matt.28:9, "And as they went, -- behold, Jesus met them." Matt.9:10, "Behold." Mark 2:15. Luke 5:1, 2:15-21, 9:28-51. Spec. in the construction Matt.26:45, "The hour is at hand, and the Son of man --." And Mark 15:25. Luke 23:44, where others needlessly take "and," as in the place of a relative.
c. As continuative in respect to sense, as before the apokosis and connecting it as a consequent with the protasis as its antecedent,
a. Where the apodosis affirms what will take place provided that is done which is contained in the protasis, as and so, and thus, and then, usually seq. fut. or pres. in a future sense. So c. imperat. in the protasis, Matt.4:19,
"And I will make you fishers of men." Matt.5:15, 7:7, 9:18, "Lay thy hand upon her, and she shall live." Matt.
11:29. Mark 6:22, 11:29. Luke 6:35. John 2:19, 4:35, 7:33. Acts 9:6. 2 Cor.13:11. James 1:5. 1 Sam.15:16, "This night." Also genr. Matt.27:64, "So the last error shall be worse than the first." Luke 12:19. Heb.3:19, "So we see." Heb.12:9. Sept. and Heb. Gen.24:40. So after "If," and,
then," in the protasis, then, James 4:15, "If the Lord will, we shall live, and do this, or that." Rev.3:20, "If any man." Lev.26:3-4, "If ye walk, -- then I will." Deut.11:13-14, "If ye shall, --- That I will give you." Once seq. imper. John 7:52, "Search, and look." where the second imperat. is eqiv. to a future, "And so thou shalt see."
b. Where the apodosis affirms what is or will be done in consequence of, because of that which is contained in the protasis, as, "And so, and therefore," as "So that, wherefore. As seq. fut. Acts 7:43, "I will carry you away," quoted from Amos 5:27, where Sept. and Heb. "Will I cause you to go into captivity." Rom.11:35. Seq. pres. Matt.11:18-19, "And they say." John 7:22. Seq. praet. Rom.4:3. Gal.
2:16, 3:6. James 2:23. Acts 10:28? Seqt. and Heb. 1 Sam.
15:23.
d. As an explicative copula, as, "Namely, to wit, even, between words and clauses.
d-a. Between nouns which are strictly in in apposition, as Matt.21:5, "Upon an ass, and a colt." So in 1 Cor.15:24. James 1:27, 3:9. But in the phrase, "Father of our Lord," 2 Cor.1:3, 11:31. it is merely copulative. Eph.1:13. Also Matt.13:41, "All things that offend, and them which do iniquity." Rom.1:5. Comp. 1 Sam.28:3, 7:40.
d-b. Before a clause added by way of explanation, "(and epexegetic,) as in Matt.1:24, "Did as the angel of the Lord had bidden him, and took --" Luke 5:35, "The bridegroom shall be taken away from them, and then --". 1 Cor.3:5.
e. As having an intensive force, as
e-a. Where two or more words are connected by "and," and "and," is then also inserted emphatically before the first word, "and," -- and , "and." Latin is "et -- et." English both -- "and." Matt.10:28, "But rather fear him which is able to destroy both soul and body." Mark 9:22. Acts 26:29. Rom.14:9. Phil.4:12-16.
e-b. Before comparatives, and even, Matt.11:9, "Yea, --- and more than a prophet." Luke 7:26. John 10:10.
e-c. Before interrogations, where in strictness it is simply copulative, and, but serves to add strength and vivacity to the question, "and, and then, then," So before a pron. or adv. Mark 10:26, "Saying, -- Who then can be saved." "And who, who then (in that case) can be saved?" Luke 3:14, 10:29. 2 Cor.2:2. Mark 12:37, "And whence." Luke 20:44,
"How is He than?" John 14:9. Genr. Acts 23:3,1 Cor.5:2.
e-d. Before an imperative "and," is often intensive in the classic writers. Some apply this also to several passages in N.T. as Matt.23:32. Mark 9:5, 11:29. Luke 12:29, 20:3. Eph.4:26. But in all these "and," is simply copulative, without any intensive force, and may be feferred to some of the significations above.
e-e. Where a part is subjoined to a whole by way of emphasis, "and," may be rendered and especially imprimis. Mark 1:5, 16:7, "But go your way, tell his disciples and Peter." 1 Cor.9:5. Matt.8:33. Vice versa, where a whole is subjoined to a part, as in a summing up of particulars, as "and in a word, yea." Matt.26:59, "The chief priests and the elders and," (in a word, yea,) the whole Sanhedrim. Mark 15:1.
f. Apparently adversative, but only where the opposition or antithesis of the thought is sufficiently strong in itself without the aid of an adversative particle. As, "and yet, and neverthiless, Matt.6:26, "For they sow not, -- yet your heavenly Father feedeth them." Matt.10:29, 12:5, "The priests in the temple profane the sabbath, and are blameless?" John 1:10, 6:70, 7:19, 9:30, 17:25, "And yet the world hath not known thee, as not withstanding all thy love. Gal.4:14. 1 John 2:4. Rev.3:1. Sept. and Heb. 2 Sam.
3:8. Mal.2:14. So Heb.3:9, "They proved me, and yet as although they saw my works," quoted from Ps.95:9, where Sept. "and," for Heb.
g. Where it connects a negative antithetic clause with a preceding positive one, where we often though not necessarily use but, as Matt.12:39, "And there shall no sign be given." Matt.13:14-17, 17:16, 26:60, "But found none." Mark 9:18, 14:55-56. John 10:25. In all these passages the rendering but is admissible but not necessary; in others it would destroy the true sense, as, "I will have mercy and not (merely) sacrifice, Matt.9:13, 12:7, quoted from Hos.6:6.
c. Rarely in a strong antithesis without a negative "and," may be given by but, though not necessarily, as Acts 10:28,
"But God hath showed me." Mark 12:12, " where we may also render "and yet, and nevertheless," as in 1 Cor.12:5, coll. with ver.6.
2. Also, too, not merely copulative but likewise emphatic, impling increase, addition, something more, as always so in the connection, "and also, as "and in addition, and likewise."
2-a. Genr. Matt.5:39, "Turn to him the other also." Matt.6:12. Mark 2:16-28. Luke 1:35, 6:16, "Who also." John 8:19, "If ye had known me, ye should have known my Father also." Rom.1:15. 1 Cor.14:12.
2-b. In comparisons, as "so also," after, 1 Cor.11:12, "For as the woman is -- even so is the man." 1 Cor.15:22. So with "so also," implied Matt.6:10, "As it is in heaven." Luke 6:31. John 13:15. Acts 7:51. Gal.1:9. Also, "as also, even as also," 1 Cor.13:12, 14:34. as also, 1 Cor.7:7. Acts 11:17, where "and," is pleonastic.
2-c. In interrogations, as, "why also?" 1 Cor.15:29-30, "Why moreover." Luke 13:7.
2-d. Before a participle "and,"mplies an emphatic antithesis with what precedes, and may be rendered "even although," Matt.26:60. Luke 18:7, "And night unto him, though he bear long with them?" 1 Cor.6:9.
2-e. As intensive, "even, even also, yea. Matt.10:30, "But the very hairs of your head," as "the very hairs, etc. Mark 1:27, 4:25, Luke 8:18, "And whoever hath not." Rom.8:23,
"Even we ourselves." 1 Cor.2:10, "Yea the deep thing." 1 Cor.11:6, "Let her be even also shorn. 2 Cor.8:3, "Yea above their ability." Mark 9:13, "That Elias is even already come."
3. With other particles, chiefly, "And also, but also, likewise, but also, Matt.3:10. John 15:24.
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