Greek Words: “And, Also, Then, etc.”
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The word and: 2532, is the Greek, kai. Copulative conjunction, and, also, a particle which occurs perhaps more frequently than any other word in the Greek language. Its significations have been unnecessarily multiplied, and may properly be reduced to the two above given.
1-a. And copulative. As simply joining single words and clauses, as nouns, Matthew 2:11, “Gold and frankincense, and myrrh.” Matthew 13:55, 23:6-7 Luke 6:38; and so when the latter noun is in place of a genitive, Acts 23:6, “Of (concerning) the hipe and resurrection.” Romans 2:2. Septuagint, Genesis 1:14, 3:16. Pronouns, Matthew 8:29, “What have we to do with thee?”
Adjective, Romans 7:12, “And the commandment holy, and just, and good.” Berbs, Mark 4:27, “And should sleep, and rise, — and the seed should spring and grow up.” Acts 1:21, 7:17, 9:28; and so where one verb is taken adverbially, Luke 6:48, “And digged deep.” Adverb, Hebrews 1:1, “At sundry times and in divers manners.” So, clauses, Matthew 7:25, “And the rain descended, and the floods came, and the winds blew.” Matthew 1:17. John 1:1.
Hence, “And” is mostly a simple continuative, marking the progress of a continued discourse, as Matthew 1:23, “And shall bring forth a son, and they shall call his name Immanuel.” Matthew 2:11. Mark 4:32. Luke 2:34, 11:44. 1 Corinthians 2:5-6.
So as connecting negative clauses, where the negative particle may be omitted in the latter, which is then rendered negative by the continuative power of “kai,” as, James 3:14, “Glory not, and boast not, and lie not.” 2 Corinthians 12:21. Compare with, Matthew 13:15. Mark 4:12. John 12:40. Acts 28:37. But in two examples after “nothing,” and “kai,” does not thus carry forward the negative, as, John 4:11, “Thou hast nothing to draw with, and the well is deep.” 3 John 10. The use of “kai,” in this continuative sense take a strong coloring in N.T., from the Hebrew use of and, especially conversive both of future, and practical which is also continuative.
Hence the simple “kai,” is put very frequently in N.T., particularly in the narrative style, where classic writers either put nothing, or use some other particle. Especially in Matthew, Mark, Luke and Revelation. As Matthew 14:9, sequel follows. Matthew 27:28, sequel follows. Mark 1:31, sequel follows. Mark 3:13, sequel follows. Luke 2:25, sequel follows. Luke 4:14, sequel follows. Revelation 11:7, sequel follows. Compare with, Hebrew, “and” with Septuagint, “kai,” 1 Samuel 15:3 sequel follows, Isaiah 11:12. Sequel follows, Ezekiel 5:1, Sequel follows.
b. As continuative in respect to time, as connecting clauses and sentences in the order of time, as,
b-1. At the beginning of a sentence where any thing is narrated as done immediately or soon after that which the preceding context narrates. Here “kai,” is equivalent to the more usual then, after that, Matthew 3:16, 4:3-21, “And having gone.” Matthew 10:1, 14:12-14. Mark 1:29, 4:21-24-26. Compare with, “Than” Matthew 15:12. Here belongs the form “Then it came to pass,” corresponding to the Hebrew, usually with a notation of time, as by “when,” Matthew 7:28, 10:1, 19:1. “as,” Luke 2:15 “in,” common form dative, Mark 1:9, 4:4. Luke 1:59, 9:18, 14:1. “with” Luke 2:36. Sequel follows genitive, absolute, Matthew 9:10. Sequel follows accommodation, inferred, Mark 2:23. Elsewhere, Luke 3:21, “Now it came,” Luke 5:1, 6:1.
b-2. In the apodosis, as where any thing is said to follow at once, immediately upon that which is contained in the protasis, as, “and immediately,” Mark 1:27, “Even the unclean spirits, and they do obey him.” Luke 8:25. Matthew 8:15. Mark 2:14. Luke 4:36. Matthew 26:53. Also where the time is less definite, as “and then, and afterwards,” without any notation of time, Mark 12:1, “And let it out to husbandmen.” Luke 1:56, “About three months, and returned to her own house.” John 4:40, 6:58. Acts 5:7, 7:7. So with a notation of time, Matthew 28:9, “And as they went, — behold, Jesus met them.” Matthew 9:10, “Behold.” Mark 2:15. Luke 5:1, 2:15-21, 9:28-51. Especially in the construction Matthew 26:45, “The hour is at hand, and the Son of man –.” And Mark 15:25. Luke 23:44, where others needlessly take “and,” as in the place of a relative.
c. As continuative in respect to sense, as before the apokosis and connecting it as a consequent with the protasis as its antecedent,
c-1. Where the apodosis affirms what will take place provided that is done which is contained in the protasis, as and so, and thus, and then, usually sequel follows, future or present, in a future sense. So common form imperative, in the protasis, Matthew 4:19, “And I will make you fishers of men.” Matthew 5:15, 7:7, 9:18, “Lay thy hand upon her, and she shall live.” Matthew 11:29. Mark 6:22, 11:29. Luke 6:35. John 2:19, 4:35, 7:33. Acts 9:6. 2 Corinthians 13:11. James 1:5. 1 Samuel 15:16, “This night.” Also generally, Matthew 27:64, “So the last error shall be worse than the first.” Luke 12:19. Hebrews 3:19, “So we see.” Hebrews 12:9. Septuagint and Hebrew, Genesis 24:40.
So after “If,” and then,” in the protasis, then, James 4:15, “If the Lord will, we shall live, and do this, or that.” Revelation 3:20, “If any man.” Leviticus 26:3-4, “If ye walk, — then I will.” Deuteronomy 11:13-14, “If ye shall, — That I will give you.” Once sequel follows imperative, John 7:52, “Search, and look.” where the second imperative, is equivalent to a future, “And so thou shalt see.”
c-2. Where the apodosis affirms what is or will be done in consequence of, because of that which is contained in the protasis, as, “And so, and therefore,” as “So that, wherefore. As sequel follows future, Acts 7:43, “I will carry you away,” quoted from Amos 5:27, where, Septuagint and Hebrew, “Will I cause you to go into captivity.” Romans 11:35. Sequel follows present tense, Matthew 11:18-19, “And they say.” John 7:22. Sequel follows praecognita, Romans 4:3. Galatians 2:16, 3:6. James 2:23. Acts 10:28? Septuagint and Hebrew. 1 Samuel15:23.
d. As an explicative copula, as, “Namely, to wit, even, between words and clauses.
d-1. Between nouns which are strictly in in apposition, as Matthew 21:5, “Upon an ass, and a colt.” So in, 1 Corinthians 15:24. James 1:27, 3:9. But in the phrase, “Father of our Lord,” 2 Corinthians 1:3, 11:31. it is merely copulative. Ephesians 1:13. Also, Matthew 13:41, “All things that offend, and them which do iniquity.” Romans 1:5. Compare with, 1 Samuel 28:3, 7:40.
d-2. Before a clause added by way of explanation, “(and epexegetic,) as in Matthew 1:24, “Did as the angel of the Lord had bidden him, and took –” Luke 5:35, “The bridegroom shall be taken away from them, and then –“. 1 Corinthians 3:5.
e. As having an intensive force, as
e-1. Where two or more words are connected by “and,” and “and” is then also inserted emphatically before the first word, “and,” — and , “and.” Latin is “et — et.” English both — “and.” Matthew 10:28, “But rather fear him which is able to destroy both soul and body.” Mark 9:22. Acts 26:29. Romans 14:9. Philippians 4:12-16.
e-2. Before comparatives, and even, Matthew 11:9, “Yea, — and more than a prophet.” Luke 7:26. John 10:10.
e-3. Before interrogations, where in strictness it is simply copulative, and, but serves to add strength and vivacity to the question, “and, and then, then,” So before a pronoun or adverb, Mark 10:26, “Saying, — Who then can be saved.” “And who, who then (in that case) can be saved?” Luke 3:14, 10:29. 2 Corinthians 2:2. Mark 12:37, “And whence.” Luke 20:44, “How is He than?” John 14:9. Generally, Acts 23:3. 1 Corinthians 5:2.
e-4. Before an imperative “and” is often intensive in the classic writers. Some apply this also to several passages in N.T. as Matthew 23:32. Mark 9:5, 11:29. Luke 12:29, 20:3. Ephesians 4:26. But in all these “and” is simply copulative, without any intensive force, and may be referred to some of the significations above.
e-5. Where a part is subjoined to a whole by way of emphasis, “and” may be rendered and especially imprimatur. Mark 1:5, 16:7, “But go your way, tell his disciples and Peter.” 1 Corinthians 9:5. Matthew 8:33. Vice versa, where a whole is subjoined to a part, as in a summing up of particulars, as “and in a word, yea.” Matthew 26:59, “The chief priests and the elders and,” (in a word, yea,) the whole Sanhedrim. Mark 15:1.
f. Apparently adversative, but only where the opposition or antithesis of the thought is sufficiently strong in itself without the aid of an adversative particle. As, “and yet, and nevertheless, Matthew 6:26, “For they sow not, — yet your heavenly Father feedeth them.” Matthew 10:29, 12:5, “The priests in the temple profane the sabbath, and are blameless?” John 1:10, 6:70, 7:19, 9:30, 17:25, “And yet the world hath not known thee, as not withstanding all thy love. Galatians 4:14. 1 John 2:4. Revelation 3:1. Septuagint and Hebrew, 2 Samuel 3:8. Malachi 2:14. So, Hebrew 3:9, “They proved me, and yet as although they saw my works,” quoted from Psalms 95:9, where Septuagint “and” for Hebrew.
g. Where it connects a negative antithetic clause with a preceding positive one, where we often though not necessarily use but as, Matthew 12:39, “And there shall no sign be given.” Matthew 13:14-17, 17:16, 26:60, “But found none.” Mark 9:18, 14:55-56. John 10:25. In all these passages the rendering but is admissible but not necessary; in others it would destroy the true sense, as, “I will have mercy and not (merely) sacrifice, Matthew 9:13, 12:7, quoted from Hosea 6:6.
h-a. Rarely in a strong antithesis without a negative “and” may be given by but, though not necessarily, as Acts 10:28, “But God hath showed me.” Mark 12:12, ” where we may also render “and yet, and nevertheless,” as in 1 Corinthians 12:5, collectively with, verse 6.
b. Also, too, not merely copulative but likewise emphatic, implying increase, addition, something more, as always so in the connection, “and also, as “and in addition, and likewise.”
b-1. Generally, Matthew 5:39, “Turn to him the other also.” Matthew 6:12. Mark 2:16-28. Luke 1:35, 6:16, “Who also.” John 8:19″ If ye had known me, ye should have known my Father also.” Romans 1:15. 1 Corinthians 14:12.
b-2. In comparisons, as “so also,” after, 1 Corinthians 11:12, “For as the woman is — even so is the man.” 1 Corinthians 15:22. So with, “so also,” implied, Matthew 6:10, “As it is in heaven.” Luke 6:31. John 13:15. Acts 7:51. Galatians 1:9. Also, “as also, even as also,” 1 Corinthians 13:12, 14:34. as also, 1 Corinthians 7:7. Acts 11:17, where “and” is pleonastic.
b-3. In interrogations, as, “why also?” 1 Corinthians 15:29-30, “Why moreover.” Luke 13:7.
b-4. Before a participle “and” implies an emphatic antithesis with what precedes, and may be rendered “even although,” Matthew 26:60. Luke 18:7, “And night unto him, though he bear long with them?” 1 Corinthians 6:9.
2-c. As intensive verb, “even, even also, yea. Matthew 10:30, “But the very hairs of your head,” as “the very hairs, etc. Mark 1:27, 4:25, Luke 8:18, “And whoever hath not.” Romans 8:23, “Even we ourselves.” 1 Corinthians 2:10, “Yea the deep thing.” 1 Corinthians 11:6, “Let her be even also shorn.” 2 Corinthians 8:3, “Yea above their ability.” Mark 9:13, “That Elias is even already come.”
c. With other particles, chiefly, “And also, but also, likewise, but also, Matthew 3:10. John 15:24.
Phillip Laspino www.seekfirstwisdom.com